What term is used for earth or other materials that replace excavated materials during construction?

The term used for earth or other materials that replace excavated materials during construction is "backfill." Backfilling is an essential process in site development, including the construction of foundations, retaining walls, and trenches. When soil is excavated for the purpose of creating a space for infrastructure, such as foundations or utilities, that space subsequently needs to be filled with suitable materials to restore the area to its original state or prepare it for additional construction. This infill material provides necessary support and stability to the structure being built and helps manage drainage in the area.

In contrast, the other terms listed have different applications: "bench" refers to a stepped or leveled area often used in grading practices or slopes; "base course" indicates the layer of material laid down before surfacing, serving as a foundation for pavement; and "alignment" relates to the layout and positioning of roads or other linear features. Each of these terms serves distinct functions in construction terminology and practice.